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 The focal point of Industrial development was factories owned by capitalist
entrepreneurs.

 Main feature of Modern societies is an enormous expansion of economic
interdependence.

Transformation of work

 Industrial process were timed, organised and monitored.

 Mass production demands mass market

 The significant innovations was the construction of a moving assembly line.

 Modern Industrial production needed expensive equipment and continuous monitoring of
employees through monitoring or surveillance systems.
 There has been shift to flexible production and decentralisation of work

Politics

 Political Institution- A set of norms relating to distribution of power and authority
concerning the management and control of society to bring order in life.

 Ex- Political Parties, Trade unions and the legal courts.

 Political Institutions are concerned with the distribution of power in society.

 Power and Authority are the two concepts which are linked in the understanding of
political institutions.

Power

 Power- It is the ability of Individuals or groups to carry out their will even when opposed
by others.

 An individual or group doesn‟t hold power in isolation, they hold it in relation to others.

 Max Weber defined Power as “the ability to control the behaviour of others, even in the
absence of their consent ”

 Ex- The Principal has the power to maintain discipline in school. The President of a
political party possesses power to expel a member from the party.

Authority

 Power is exercised through authority.

 Max Weber used the term authority to refer to legitimate power.