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 These were achieved largely through struggles, which limited the power of monarchs, or
actively overthrew them.

 The French revolution and our own Indian Independence struggle are two instances of
such movements.
2) Citizenship

Citizenship rights include civil, political and social rights.

a) Civil Rights:

It involves the freedom of individuals to live where they choose, freedom of speech and
religion, right to own property and the right to equal justice before the law.

b) Political Rights:

It include rights to participate in elections and to stand for public office.

c) Social rights:

It include prerogative of every individual to enjoy a certain minimum standard of economic
welfare and security.

Nationalism:

 It can be defined as a set of symbols and beliefs providing the sense of being part of a
single political community.

 Individuals feel a sense of pride and belonging.
 Nationalism led to the development of the modern state.

Contemporary world is marked both by a rapid expansion of the global market

Religion

 According to Emile Durkheim, “ Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices
relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden- beliefs and
practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who
adhere to them”.
 Religion describes the beliefs, values, and practices related to sacred or spiritual
concerns.

Religion is also a social institution. Social scientists recognize that religion exists as an
organized and integrated set of beliefs, behaviors, and norms centered on basic social needs
and values

How Religion works in Sociology?