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within one‟s own sapinda is forbidden. They are supposed to marry outside one‟s own
sapinda.
d) Village Exogamy-According to this principle marriage within one‟s own village is
forbidden.As the arrangement is ensured smooth transition and adjustment of the bride
into the affinial home without interference of her kinsmen.

Work and Economic life

 Work refers to paid employment.

 Work can also defined as whether paid or unpaid, as carrying out of tasks requiring the
expenditure of mental and physical effort which has as its objective the production of
goods and services that cater to human needs.
Informal Economy

 There are much of work done in the informal economy as it is not recorded in any direct
way in the official employment statistics.

 Informal economy refers to transactions outside the sphere of regular employment,
sometimes involving the exchange of cash for services provided, but also often involving
the direct exchange of goods or services.

Modern Forms of work and Division of labour

 In Pre- modern society, most people worked in the field or cared for the livestock.
 In Industrially developed society small or tiny proportion works in agriculture and
farming.

 Now the farming and agriculture has become industrialised. It is carried on largely by
means of machines rather than by human hand.

 In India larger share of the population continues to be rural and agriculture or other rural
based occupations.

Economic System
 The most important characteristics of the economic system in Modern societies is the
existence of a highly complex division of labour.

 Division of labour:

 It is the basic socio- economic institutions of human society.

 It involves the assignment to each unit or group a specific share of a common task.

 Division of labour occurs in all societies because it is highly functional.