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SAI International School

                                                         Class-X
                                                 Subject_ Chemistry
                                          Ch- Carbon & it's Compounds
                                          Subtopic-Soaps & Detergents

                                                     Lesson Notes



                     Detergents-
               Detergents are cleansing agents, which may be-
                   1.  Soapy detergents (commonly called Soap) or
                   2.  Synthetic detergents (commonly known as Detergent).

                     SOAP-
               Soaps are Sodium or Potassium salts of long chained fatty acids.
               They are basically prepared from vegetable oil or animal fat by the reaction known as
               Saponification.

                     Saponification reaction-

               Esters react in the presence of a base to give back alcohol and salt of carboxylic
               acid.

               This reaction is used in the manufacture of soaps and is known as saponification











               Vegetable oil or animal fat are tri-esters made from a long chained carboxylic acid
               (which may be Stearic acid/ Palmitic acid/ Oleic acid) and a tri-glyceride                 (i.e.
               glycerol).

               Preparation of soap-

               When oil/fat(Tri esters) reacts with a strong Alkali (NaOH/KOH), it results in the
               formation of soap and glycerol.












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