Page 1 - 3. Lesson Notes - Ch-3 Mettalurgy-1

SAI International School
Class-X

Subject_ Chemistry
Topic-Metal & Non metals
Subtopic- General Metallurgy (part-1)

LESSON NOTES

➢ General Metallurgy-
General Metallurgy is the study of the extraction of metals from their ores and
their refining.

• Occurrence of metals-

Metals are found on the Earth’s crust in the form of their minerals.
❖ Minerals- Minerals are the inorganic substances found on the Earth’s crust,
either in their elemental or compound forms.
❖ Ores- Ores are those minerals from which metals can be extracted easily and
profitably.
❖ Gangue- The earthy impurities found on the Earth’s crust.
❖ Types of Ores-

a. Oxide Ores b. Sulphide Ores c. Carbonate ores d. Halide ores
1.Haematite 1.Copper Glance 1.Lime stone 1.Rock salt
Fe2O3 Cu2S CaCO3 NaCl
2.Magnetite 2.Zinc Blend 2.Calamine 2.Cryolite
Fe3O4 ZnS ZnCO3 Na3AlF6
3.Bauxite 3.Iron Pyrite 3.Magnacite 3.fluorspar
Al2O3.2H2O FeS2 MgCO3 CaF2
4.Cuprite 4.Cinnabar 4. Siderite 4.Carnalite
Cu2O HgS FeCO3 KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
5.Zincite 5.Galena
ZnO PbS
6. Litharge
PbO
• Extraction of Metals- (Steps of Extraction):

a. Concentration of ORE
1. Enrichment of ORE-
b. Conversion of ore into Metal Oxide

2. Reduction of ORE/Metal Oxide-

a. Electrolytic Reduction b. Reduction using c. Self Reduction
(Highly reactive metal ores) Reducing agent (Less reactive
(Moderately reactive Metal Ores)

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