Page 4 - SAI HOME SCHOOL LESSON NOTES MIGRATION CAMBRIDGE

• Exclusion from Political Rights and Social Benefits: - Migrant workers are denied many
opportunities to exercise political rights, such as the right to vote. Furthermore, the
requirement to provide proof of address, ration cards, voter IDs, and Aadhaar cards,
which is difficult for them to obtain due to the fluidity of their lives, prevents them
from benefiting from welfare schemes and policies.
• Creation of Slums: - Uncontrolled migration to India's metropolitan areas has resulted
in overcrowding. Overcrowding leads to increase in population and reduced housing
facilities and eventually lead to the creation of slums.
• Demographic Imbalances: - The population of a country is redistributed as a result of
migration. One of the major factors contributing to city population growth is rural-
urban migration. Out Migration from rural areas based on age and skill has a negative
impact on the rural demographic structure.
• Psychological Issues: - Migrants play an important role in social change. People from
various cultures mix as a result of migration. It has a positive impact on the evolution of
composite culture and the broadening of people's mental horizons by breaking through
narrow considerations.
• Environmental Issues: - Overcrowding in urban areas as a result of rural-urban
migration has put a strain on the existing social and physical infrastructure. Aside from
that, cities are grappling with serious issues such as groundwater depletion, air
pollution, sewage disposal, and solid waste management as a result of over-
exploitation of natural resources.

Government Initiatives for Migrants
• Inter-State Migrant Workers Act: The Inter-State Migrant Workers (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of Service) Act of 1979 was enacted to regulate the
employment and conditions of migrant workers from other states. It aims to address
migrant workers' unfair working conditions, such as the need to find work through
middlemen contractors or agents who promise a monthly wage settlement but fail to
pay when the time comes. Increasing opportunities for rural residents to earn a living:
From time to time, the government has taken various initiatives to alleviate farmer
distress and improve rural livelihood opportunities.
• RURBAN Mission: To promote local economic development, improve basic services,
and develop well-planned Rurban clusters (cluster villages). One of the main goals is to
bridge the economic, technological, and facility and service divides between rural and
urban areas.
• Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA): This is a programme that provides
urban amenities to rural areas. It aims to address the issue of people migrating from
rural to urban areas in search of work. It aims to improve technology in villages,
improve connectivity, and increase livelihood opportunities, among other things.
• SMART VILLAGES: It is an initiative focused on holistic rural development that has been
adopted by India's national, state, and local governments. The Eco Needs Foundation
created the "Smart Village" concept. The Foundation is adopting villages as part of this
project and working to ensure their long-term development by providing basic