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organisation and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures

were allowed to exist within the Congress.

8. Factions are the groups formed inside the party. The coalition nature of the

Congress Party encouraged various factions which were based on either

ideological considerations or personal ambitions or rivalries.

9. Before the first General Election of 1952, some of the vibrant and opposite

parties came into existence which gained as a token ofrepresentation only to

maintain democratic character. These parties kept ruling party under check,

prevented resentment, groomed leaders, alongwith a mutual respect and among

Congress leaders as well as opposition parties leaders.

10. The origin of the socialist party can be traced back to the mass movement stage

of the Indian National Congress which was formed in 1934 by Acharya Narendra

Dev and later on, it was separated to form socialist party in 1948 with ideology of

democratic socialism and criticised capitalism.

11. In the early 1920s communist groups emerged in different parts of India having

a belief of communism. The Communist Party of lndia was primarily secular,

modem and authoritarian.

12. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in l 951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

with the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation and called for a

reunion of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat.

13. Swatantra Party was formed in August 1959 after the Nagpur Resolution of the

Congress which called for land ceilings. Its important leaders were C.

Rajgopalachari, K.M. Munshi, N.G. Ranga, and Minoo Masani. Its ideology
emphasised on the free economy and less involvement of government in

controlling the economy and advocated closer relations with the USA.
14. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh party was a consitant aduocate of India developing

nuclear weapons especially after China carried out its atomic tests in 1964.