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• Benami: the literal meaning is anonymous. The term was to denote transactions
wherein real person was hidden behind insignificant name or person.
• Lathy at: The musclemen of Zamindars.
• Sahukar: Trader who was also in money lending business.
• Rentier: A person who lived on rental income.
• Dewani: The Revenue department of state.
• Permanent Settlement: Land revenue system introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 in
Bengal. Under this system, the land revenue was collected by Zamindars.
Zamindari rights passed on father to son.
• Ryotwari System: The land revenue system introduced in Madras and Bombay
Presidencies. Under the system, settlement was made directly with cultivators.

Time line:

• 1765 – East India Company got diwani right for the province of Bengal, in the
wake of Battle of Buxar.
• 1773 – Regulating act enacted by the British Parliament aimed at controlling the
East India Company.
• 1800’s – Santhals began to settle in the hills of Rajmahal.
• 1818 – First land revenue settlement done in the Bombay Presidency.
• 1820’s – Prices of agriculture produce decline.
• 1855-56 – Santhals rebel in Rajmahal.
• 1861 – Cotton boom for the Indian cultivators, in the wake of American civil war
• 1875 – Ryots in Deccan villages rebel.

Class 12 History Notes