Page 3 - Microsoft Word - Lesson note-1(Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid)

(b) Electrophilic substitution reaction

Preparation of carboxylic acids:
o
1. From 1  alcohols & aldehydes:
3 or KMnO
HNO
(i)alk.KMnO
RCH OH  RCOOH , RCHO  RCOOH
4
4
2

2 K Cr O
(ii)H
3 O
7
2
2. From toluenes:

3. From nitriles & amides:
O
||  
H or OH


H or OH

R CONH  R C NH  RCOOH


2
2

2 H O

3 H
R CONH  RCOOH NH


3
2

4. From Grignard reagents:

5. From acyl halides & alydrides:

2 H O
C H COOCOC H  2 C H COOH
6 5
6 5
6 5
2 H O
C H COOCOCH  C H COOH CH COOH

3
6 5
3
6 5
6. From esters:

Chemical reactions of carboxylic acid:
1. Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond.
2R COOH 2Na  2R COONa H




2

R COOH NaOH  RCOONa H O


2

RCOOH NaHCO  RCOONa H O CO


2
2
3

2. Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond:
O ||
O
||

2 5 S
H or P
(a) 2R COOH R C O C R





