Page 2 - Microsoft Word - Lesson note-1(Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid)

1. Nucleophilic addition reactions:

2. Oxidation:
2 H pd orLiAIH or NaBH
R CHO  R CH  OH


4
4
2

[Wolff-kishner reduction]
[ MPV reduction]
3. Reduction:
2 K Cr O /H SO
R CHO  RCOOH

2
2
7
4
[O]
O
||
[O]

CH  C CH  CH  C OH CO  H O


2
2
3
3
3
|| 2 K Cr O /H SO 4
2
7
2
O




RCHO 2[Ag(NH ) ]  3OH  RCOO  2Ag 2H O 4NH [Tollen’s test]


3 2
2
3




RCHO 2cu 2  5OH  RCOO  Cu O 3H O [Fehling’s test]
2
2
O O
|| ||
NaOX




R C CH  R C ONa CHX [Haloform reaction]

3
3
4. Reactions due to   hydrogen:
(a) Aldol condensation:
OH
||
dil.NaOH



2CH  CHO      CH  CH  CH  CHO  CH  CH CH CHO
    
3
2
3
3

2 H O
CH 3 CH 3
| |
Br(OH)




2CH  CO CH      CH  CH CH  CO CH  CH  C  CH CO CH


2
3     
3
3
| 2 3  2 H O 3 3
OH
(b) Cross aldol condensation:
CH 3 CH 3
| |
NaOH
CH CHO CH CH CHO  CH  CH CH CHO CH CH  CH C CHO CH CH C CHO CH CH  CH CHCHO









2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2


5. Other reactions:
(a) Carrizzaro reaction:
NaOH

2HCHO  HCOONa CH OH
3
NaOH
C H CHO  C H C OH C H COONa

6 5
6 5 2
6 5