Page 8 - Class-8 lesson notes punctuation

 Braces ({}) are used to contain two or more lines of text or listed items to show that they
are considered as a unit. They are not commonplace in most writing but can be seen in
computer programming to show what should be contained within the same lines. They
can also be used in mathematical expressions. For example, 2{1+[23-3]}=x.
 Parentheses ( () ) are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying
remarks. However, parentheses can be replaced by commas without changing the
meaning in most cases.

 John and Jane (who were actually half brother and sister) both have red hair.

Apostrophe, Quotation Marks and Ellipsis
 The final three punctuation forms in English grammar are the apostrophe, quotation
marks, and ellipsis. Unlike previously mentioned punctuation marks, they are not
related to one another in any form.
 An apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the
possessive case or the plurals of lowercase letters. Examples of the apostrophe in use
include:
 Omission of letters from a word: I've seen that movie several times. She wasn't the only one

who knew the answer.(contracted form: I +have=I ‘ve)

 Possessive case: Sara's dog bit the neighbour.

 Plural for lowercase letters: Six people were told to mind their p's and q's.
 It should be noted that, according to Purdue University, some teachers and editors
enlarge the scope of the use of apostrophes, and prefer their use on symbols (&'s),
numbers (7's) and capitalized letters (Q&A's), even though they are not necessary.
 Quotations marks (" ") are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the
beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for word. They are
also used to indicate meanings and to indicate the unusual or dubious status of a word.

 "Don't go outside," she said.
Single quotation marks (' ') are used most frequently for quotes within quotes.
 Marie told the teacher, "I saw Marc at the playground, and he said to me 'Bill started the
fight,' and I believed him."