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3. Five kingdom system is given by R.H Whittaker (1969) viz. Monera,

Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Kingdom Monera –

1. Prokaryotic unicellular organisms.
2. Most abundant.

3. Also live in extreme habitats viz. Hotsprings, Snow etc. as endoparasite etc.
4. eg. Bacteria.
- Some bacteria are autotrophic others are heterotrophic.

Archaebacteria –

- Cellwall different from other bacteria.
- Live in most harsh habitats eg. Halophile.
- Methanogens are found in the gut of ruminants and produce methane
(CH ) gas.
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Eubacteria –
- True bacteria.
- Rigid cellwall with or without flagellum.
- Cyanobacteria( Blue green algae) are also included in this group.

- Cyanobacteria are Photosynthetic autotrophs, unicellular, colonial or
filamentous, with gelatinous sheath.
- Have Heterocyst for N fixation eg. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria,
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Rivularia, Gloeotrichia etc.
- Mostly bacteria are Heterotrophs and are useful and harmful both to
humans.

-Reproduction occurs by fission. Also by primitive type of sexual reproduction,
by transferring DNA piece from one bacterial cell(+ strain) to other (- strain)
(called cell Transduction).