Page 1 - 1-Lesson Notes-X-Geo-Geo-Ch-4-Sub Topic-5

SAI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
SESSION 2020-21
CLASS-X
GEOGRAPHY- Ch-4-Agriculture
NOTES
Sub Topic-5- Technological and Institutional Reforms

1. Sub Topic- Technological and Institutional Reforms

The main problems faced by farmers in India are:

• Fragmentation of land holdings by successive inheritance
• Primitive methods of farming
• Dependence on monsoon and natural fertility of soil
• Exploitation by local money lenders and middlemen
• Lack of insurance against natural calamities

The technological and institutional changes initiated in India to improve the condition of farmers
include:

Institutional Reforms in Agriculture

The land reforms initiated in the first five-year plan aimed to:

• Collectivization,
• Consolidation of holdings,
• Cooperation and Abolition of zamindari.
• Land Development Programme

Technological Reforms in India

1960s and 1970s-
(a) Green Revolution- Introduced in 1960s.
i. Use of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds to improve
the overall production.
ii. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides were introduced.
(b) White Revolution- Introduced in 1960s.
i. Known as ‘Operation Flood’.
ii. For improving milk production in the country.
iii. Hybrid varieties of cattle were bought.

Introduced in 1980s and 1990s,
i. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and