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discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
8 How were human societies interlinked in ancient times, and what were 3
some effects of these connections?
9 How did the discovery of America in the sixteenth century impact 3
global trade and European wealth?
10 Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in 4
Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were
persecuted. Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. Here,
by the eighteenth century, plantations worked by slaves captured
in Africa were growing cotton and sugar for European markets.
Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among
the world’s richest countries. They were also pre-eminent in Asian
trade. However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have
restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China’s
reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually
moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as
the centre of world trade.

10.1 Why did many people flee Europe for America until the
nineteenth century?

10.2 Which countries were among the richest and most prominent in
Asian trade until the eighteenth century?

10.3 How did China’s reduced role in trade and the rise of the Americas
affect global trade by the eighteenth century?
11 Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Explain in the 5
light of silk route.

12 “Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange.” 5
Support your answer with three examples.