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8 What was Vernacular Press Act of 1878 and it was modelled on which 3

country?

9 3
By the end of the 19th century a new visual cultural was taking shape.
Explain. (Any 5 points)
10 From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to 4
be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the
Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the
injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth
century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and
their writings were read by people all over India. Local protest
movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts
criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to
write much about their experiences. But Kashibaba, a Kanpur
millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to
show the links between caste and class exploitation.
10.1 Who wrote Gulamgiri in 1871?

10.2 Which Kanpur millworker wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in
1938?

10.3 How did early writers and activists contribute to raising
awareness about caste discrimination in India?

11 What was the attitude of people in India in the nineteenth century 5
towards women reading? How did women respond to this? / Explain any
three impacts of printed books on women in India in the nineteenth
century? / Explain the impact of print culture on Indian women.
12 What led the colonial government to pass the Vernacular Press Act in 5
1878? How did it affect the vernacular newspapers? (5)