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FULLY SUBMERGED PLANTS

Example- Vallisneria, Hydrilla, Hornwort.

• Roots- absent or poorly developed and only provide anchorage.
• Stomata absent since gaseous exchange occurs through the general body
surface.
• Leaves have no waxy coating since there is no water loss.
• Leaves are ribbon-loke or highly divided to prevent getting torn due to
water currents.
• The body tissue has numerous air spaces to keep the plant light and
afloat.
• The water transport system is poorly developed.
• The body is covered with mucilage to prevent decay
• The water transport system is poorly developed.

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF AQUATIC ANIMALS-

• Streamlined bodies for swimming. Octopuses and squids which do not
have a streamlined body, assume a streamlined shape while swimming.
• Fishes are adapted to aquatic habitat as
▪ They have gills to breathe.
▪ Fins to swim.
▪ Swim bladder to provide buoyancy.
• Aquatic birds like ducks
▪ Have webbed feet for swimming.
▪ Oil glands under their tails provide oil for waterproofing their
feathers.
• Amphibians like a frog-
▪ Have strong hind legs for leaping and catching their prey on
land.
▪ Webbed feet for swimming.