Page 2 - psychological disorders

B. Hallucinations: Perceptions that occur in absence of external stimuli.
They are of several types-
 Auditory Hallucinations: Patients hear sounds or voices that speak
directly to them.
 Tactile Hallucinations: Tingling, burning sensations.
 Somatic Hallucination: Something happening inside the body, such
as snake crawling inside stomach.
 Visual Hallucination: Distinct visions of people and objects.
 Gustatory Hallucination: Food or drink taste strange.
 Olfactory Hallucination: Smell of poison or smoke.

2. Negative symptoms:
 are pathological deficits and include
A. Alogia (reduction in speech content or poverty of speech),
B. Blunted effect– Less expression of sadness, joy, anger and other feelings.
C. Flat effect- No emotions and feelings
D. Loss of volition- Apathy or inability to start or complete any work.
E. Social withdrawal- become focused on their own ideas and fantasies.

3. Psychomotor symptoms:
 Less spontaneous, make odd grimaces and gestures. Types:-
A. Catatonic stupor: remain motionless and silent for long durations.
B. Catatonic rigidity: maintain a rigid upright posture for hours.
C. Catatonic posturing: assuming odd, awkward positions.

Behavioural and Developmental disorders:

 These disorders are specific to children and if neglected can lead to serious
consequences later in life.
 Why Children:
 Children have less self-understanding and they have not developed a stable
sense of identity.
 Nor do they have adequate frame of reference regarding reality, possibility
and value.

 As a result they cannot cope with the stressful events effectively and hence
it reflects in their behaviour and impacts their development.
 Other childhood disorders:
1. Pervasive Developmental Disorders: