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who had supreme sovereignty over his people and complete control over his
enemies.
• With these liberal ideas, the Mughal rulers could effectively controlled the
heterogeneous population of Indian sub-continent for a century and a half.

Class 12 History Notes Chapter 9 Important terms:

• Chronicles: It is a continuous chronological record of events.
• Manuscript: The handwritten records.
• Divine theory of kingship: The king was believed as the representative of god,
acquired his powers from him and therefore had to be obeyed.
• Sulh-i-kul: It is state policy of religious tolerance.
• Jizya: A tax imposed on non-muslims in lieu of military service.
• Mansabdar: All royal officers were known as mansabdars.
• Chahar taslim: A form of salutation to the emperor which is done four times.
• Tajwiz: A petion presented to the emperor by a nobleman recommending an
application to the post of a mansabdar.

Time line:

• 1526 – Babur established Mughal dynasty in India.
• 1530 – Humayun succeeds the Mughal throne.
• 1556 – After the second battle of Panipat Akbar succeeds to the throne.
• 1563 – Akbar abolished the pilgrimage tax.
• 1585 – Akbar shifted his capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore.
• 1589 – Babur Nama was translated in Persian and Abu’l Fazl wrote the Akbar
Nama.
• 1605-22 – Jahangir wrote Jahangir Nama.
• 1648 – Shahjahanabad became the new capital of the Mughal Empire.
• 1668 – Alamgir Nama was written by Muhammad Kazim. It gives a historical
account of the first decade of Aurangzeb’s rule.
• 1707 – Aurangzeb died.
• 1857 – The last ruler of the Mughal dynasty was overthrown by the British.

Class 12 H