Page 20 - CH6 (1)

● In presence of all these enzymes, the metabolism of lactose proceeds
in a normal manner.

Human Genome Project (HGP)
● Joint venture of US department of energy and National Institute of
Health (NIH); later joined by Welcome Trust (UK)

● Launched in 1990, completed in 2003
● This project worked towards the determination of complete DNA

sequence of humans.
● DNA is the storehouse of genetic information and determining its

sequence of base pairs can solve many medical, agricultural,
environmental, and evolutionary mysteries.

Relationship of HGP with Bioinformatics

● Human genome (genome refers to the totality of genes that are

present in a human being) contains 3 × 10​base pairs.

9​
● Cost of sequencing 1 bp = US $ 3

Cost of sequencing 3 × 10​bp = US $ 9 billion
9​
● Enormous sequence data so generated would have required 3300
books containing 1000 pages each just for a human genome.
● Hence, for storing, retrieving, and analysing this enormous data, a
new branch of biology has been developed known as bioinformatics.

● Genomes of many non­human models such as bacteria, yeast,

)
A
Caenorhabditis elegans​​rosophila​plants (rice and ​rabidopsis​have
,

,
D
also been sequenced.
Methods to Identify Genes