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• The drawbacks of the barter system were solved by the use of money.
• St. Benedict Monastery was established in 529 CE in Italy. St. Benedict laid the
foundation of this monastery.
• Decline of feudalism in the 16 century paved the way for the rise of nation-state in
Europe. French, German and Russian Revolutions occurred in 1789, 1848 and
1917 CE respectively. These revolutions inspired the people of the world also and
gave a new way to the world.

Important terms:

• Tithe: A kind of tax collected by the church from the peasants in France. It was
l/10th of the total produce.
• Manor: Dwelling area of the landlord.
• Fief: The land given by the lord to the knight.
• Pope: The supreme authority of the church
• Friars: A group of monks who moved from place to place, preaching to the people
and living on charity.

Timeline: Early History of France

481 Clovis becomes king of the Franks.

486 Clovis and the Franks begin the conquest of northern Gaul.

496 Clovis and the Franks convert to Christianity.

714 Charles Martel becomes Mayor of the palace.

Martel’s son Pepin deposes the Frankish ruler, becomes king and establishes a dynasty.
751
Wars of conquest double the size of his kingdom.