Page 1 - LN 1_Human Memory

Class XI

Chapter: 7

HUMAN MEMORY

Modules 1

(Topic: Stage Model, Memory System, Levels of Processing)

▪ Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over a period of time
depending upon the nature of cognitive task you are required to perform.
▪ Earlier memory was thought to have three independent but interdependent stages,
i.e., Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

➢ Encoding:
✓ refers to a process by which information is recorded and registered for the
first time so that it becomes usable by our memory system.
✓ Whenever an external stimulus impinges on our sensory organs, it
generates neural impulses.
✓ These are received in different areas of our brain for further processing.
✓ In encoding, incoming information is received and some meaning is
derived.
➢ Storage:

✓ Information which was encoded must also be stored so that it can be put to
use later.
✓ Storage, therefore, refers to the process through which information is
retained and held over a period of time.
➢ Retrieval:
✓ Information can be used only when one is able to recover it from her/his

memory.
✓ Retrieval refers to bringing the stored information to her/his awareness so
that it can be used for performing various cognitive tasks such as problem
solving or decision-making.

INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH: THE STAGE MODEL

▪ Human memory came to be seen as a system that processes information in the
same way as a computer does.
▪ Human beings register information, store and manipulate the stored

information depending on the task that they need to perform.
▪ For example, when you are required to solve a mathematical problem, the
memory relating to mathematical operations, such as division or subtraction
are carried out, activated and put to use, and receive the output (the problem
solution).